Visualizzazione post con etichetta recenzii de carte. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta recenzii de carte. Mostra tutti i post

mercoledì 17 marzo 2010

Despre moarte- E.Kubler Ross

On life after Death- Elisabeth Kubler Ross

E greu de crezut ca omul a aparut pe pamant de milione de ani, a progresat mult in cunoasterea lumi, reusim sa ajungem pe luna, am descoperit fuziunea nucleara, tainele geneticii, si totusi nu putem raspunde la intrebarea care este sensul vietii, care este sensul mortii si mai ales a mortii premature sau neasteptate. Avem tendinta sa tratam ca pe un tabu murirea, adesea chiar si doliul. Dar Elisabeth Kubler Ross a schimbat lumea, mai exact modul omului de de a se intelege pe sine in perspectiva mortii.
Este de admirat in mod deosebit este curajul cu care autoarea si-a dedicat viata intelegerii acestui argument tabu, a psihologiei muribundului, rasturnand o prejudecata larg raspandita in lumea consumului si a lui be happy, lume care prefera sa nege existenta mortii, sa o considere o greseala a altora, in loc sa se confrunte cu ea, prefera sa o reduca la tacere in loc sa asculte muribunduls aisi povesteasca temerile si gandurile. Desi nu exista invatator mai bun decat decat omul aflat inaintea mortii, copil sau batran(p.21).
Elisabeth Kubler Ross a devenit celebra prin cartea Death and Dying unde ca rezultat al observatiilor sale clinice stabileste cinci faze ale elaborarii propriei morti, faze care se regasesc mai apoi in orice trauma.
Exista un timp al negarii, cand ne continuam sa proiectam viata ca s cum nu am fi auzit diagnosticul, sau cand inmormantam o persoan draga apoi mergem acasa sa o asteptam, exista un timp al furiei, un timp al negocierilor, exista un timp al tristetii si resemnarii, si totusi exista si un timp al impacarii, mai ales daca exista un ajutor pentru a fi elaborate.
Despre moarte trebuie vorbit uneori fara teama chiar si copiilor (al patrulea eseu), de pilda cand o mama stie ca va muri le spune copiilor sai, asa isi pot lua ramas bun, cei in doliu trebuie sa isi poata impartasi durerea unul cu altul. Nimic nu e asa dureros ca durerea in tacere si minciunile cu care se incearca a ascunde un eveniment dureros. Despre acesta se ocupa al patrulea eseu al cartii. Cartea este o colectie de patru eseuri pe tema vietii dupa moarte. Ea subliniaza concluziile la care a ajuns in urma carieirei sale, stand la patul muribunzilor.
Nu exista moarte, zice autoarea. Moartea este asemanata de Elisabeth Kubler Ross cu iesirea fluturelui din cocon, la fel sufletul paraseste trupul caruia ii daduse viata. Moartea deci e inceputul unei vieti eterne, o nastere la o superioara constiinta de sine.
Argumentele ipotezei sale despre nemurire sunt rezultatul marturiei a 20.000 de oameni din intreaga lume, de toate culturile , religiile si varstele, oameni trecuti prin moartea clinica. Astfel ea contureaza o ipoteza plauzibila a vietii de dupa moarte.
Marturiile arata ca in primele momente ale mortii clinice are loc o perceptie extrasenzoriala, perceptia iesirii din corp insotita de constientizarea deplinatatii corporale. De pilda persoane oarbe reusesc sa vada corect persoanele din preajma mesei de operatie si sa dea detalii privind culori, fapte, dar reintorsi in corpul lor nu vad din nou. Deci toate sensurile sunt integre, avem forma noastra perfecta. Capacitatea de disociere de propriul corp intervine si in alte momente traumatice
E important de stiut ca nimeni nu moare singur pentru ca toti suntem intampinati in momentul morti de cei trecuti in nefiinta inainte de noi, de cei care i-au precedat in moarte chiar si cu putin timp. Interesant ca de multe ori muribundul nici nu stia ca acea ruda murise. Cum e posibil asta daca nu prin existenta sufletului dincolo de moarte?
Toti pacientii trecuti prin aceasta experienta vorbesc despre o stare de seninatate, de equanimitate, de faptul de a fi intampinati de multa iubire. Urmeaza trecerea unui trecatori, tunel sau pod, un loc consacrat al trecerii insotita de rememorarea a tot ce am facut, spus , gandit in viata, Si vedem lucrurile atat din punctul nostru de vedere cat si a celor din jur: cata bucurie , consiolare ai adus si cata suferinta. E important ca nu exista nici un alt judecator decat noi insine, suntem noi cei care ne condamnam pentru a fi amanat sa dam bucurie cand am mai fi putut sa o facem. La celalt capat al trecerii ne asteapta o lumina alba, orbitoare care e perceputa ca iubirea neconditionata care ne-a creat si la care ne intoarcem dupa ce am invatat lectia vietii. Dincolo de aceasta lumina nu au trecut cei din moartea clinica, au simtit in schimb neplacerea de a fi pusi inapoi in propriul corp.
Consider ca acesta carte poate sta fara teama in randul marilor carti ale umanitatii care s-au ocupat vreodata de viata de dupa moarte: cum e de pilda cartea tibetana sau egipteana a mortilor, si nu numai pentru ca sensul experientei muririi este seninatatea, impacarea, credinta intr-o experienta de iubire neconditionata ce ne asteapta ca o implinire pe celalt mal; si probabil nu degeaba multi lectori ai cartii aflati in doliu au exprimat o usurare, o sensinatate sufleteasca dupa ce au citit –o.
Ce putem invata din aceste marturii pentru viata? Omul are liberul arbitru in baza caruia poate deveni daca vrea un monstru nazist sau daca vrea un suflet consolator ca Maica Tereza din Calcutta. Cum ne traim viata, in masura in care raspandim iubire neconditionata si consolare le vom reintalni in experienta mortii, unde vom fi noi proprii nostrii judecatori.
O alta concluzie a cartii este nu va temeti de moarte, pentru ca teama ne impiedica intr-u iubirea neconditionata, in a invata tot ce trebuie sa intelegem in acesta viata. Moartea cand vine de la sine e o trecere la o stare superioara a constiintei unde exista perceptie, zambete, iubire, fericire. Si cum orice trauma e devastatoare ca o mica moarte ele ne sunt date pentru a invata sa ne acceptam suferintele ca doar ele ne fac sa crestem.
Si mai presus de toate sensul pentru viata a acestor experiente e sa nu va temeti sa iubiti, sa iubiti neconditionat, fara a astepta nimic in schimb, incercati sa aduceti cat mai multa iubire si consolare celor din jurul vostru.
Measjul acestei mici carti pline de spiritualitate e ca exista o viata dupa moarte si ca nu amana, nu te teme, iubeste

venerdì 13 aprile 2007

Psychotherapy and Spirituality



Ten Lectures on Psychotherapy and Spirituality(N.Field) reviewed by Lucia Teszler
http://mentalhelp.net/books/books.php?type=de&id=3584 Ten Lectures on Psychotherapy and Spirituality takes us on a journey in the world of contemporary psychoanalysis, in the area of its coping with the problem of spirituality. What is spirituality? What is the relation of spirituality with religion? How can we integrate it in therapeutic discourse and practice? What is religious fanaticism and fundamentalism and how could they explained trough psychoanalysis? The book consists of a series of ten lectures delivered in 2002 at the London Centre for Psychotherapy. The lectures are by 10 famous psychoanalysts or religious experts and are followed by responses by other specialists. The spiritual experience recovered by psychoanalysis is not the "oceanic feeling" that retrieves the "primary narcissism", in Freud's terms, but consists of the possibility of communicating from unconscious to unconscious, thus returning to the romantic idea of the universal sympathy. We exist through the spirit; we exist in the psyche, rather than the psyche existing separate in each of us (Chris MacKenna). Once the importance of the communicative space is emphasized, psychoanalysis distances itself from Jung's self-governing religiosity, already criticized by Martin Buber, and finds spirituality exactly in the relationship with the inalienable Thou. What then is the spirit for British contemporary psychoanalysis? The spirit is what keeps me alive, the capacity to have a hidden intimate space inside us where significant events are happening (Chris MacKenna); the spirit is what protects us from becoming a stone; it makes our heart sing; we feel alive because of it (K. Wright). One could find it when listening to the music, looking the stars or when we are seeing the smile of a new born baby and especially when falling in love (Field). Following Winnicott's theory, we understand spirituality, this force that keep us alive, thanks to the mother's tender sights, in her smiles, in her cares, who is the first singing master of the soul (Wright). Through her care, from this harmonious interpenetrating, our soul not only learns to sing but it learns the abnegation, the altruism, the self sacrifice, the ability to understand and to feel other's feelings without words. Hence, we learn the sympathy which, if we analyze profoundly, is in fact the final spiritual goal of Darwinian's evolution (D. Black). Furthermore the growth of these altruistic qualities, this preoccupation to understand others through sympathy, to love, is just what every great religion teaches (K. Armstrong). This philosophy could be synthesized by Rabin Heschel words, If we put ourselves at the opposite pole of Ego we are in the place where God is . The really encounter of the other, the feeling of other's being, the mutual relationship between two persons, creates a new dimension which allows those two members of communion to become an Us, a co-existence: different from the individual members of couple. That spiritual dimension is called by Field the fourth dimension. J. Klein draws a history of this concept, naming it this common space, the space where the two persons are recognizing themselves in the same us, an experience that is similar to Jungian conjuctio: where two persons are profoundly united, an intense mutuality of feeling (Silverstone). Discussing psychoanalysis and contemporary physics, R. Gordon claims that the spirit is the secret relation between things, between humans and nature, between observer and observed. And the spirit in its worm form penetrates every minor part of everyday life, even the profane one. (A. Samuels) The spiritual experience is not always a joyful experience, writes J. Klein and N. Field. It could be a very disturbing experience, a devastation that wakes us from the everyday life's dreaming and its innocent illusions, leading to respectful terror about ineffable experience (Field). That is the main reason why the meeting with the spirit could become a problem to be discussed in psychiatry. One of the most important contemporary issues discussed by the authors is religious fundamentalism and fanaticism. The spiritual, religious quest grows up partly from the desire to find sense in life and on other part from the desire for ecstasy, to break the one's individuality (Armstrong). Spirit by definition is an eternal transformation. In spite of this, we find in religion the desire for the concrete, the narcissist desire to have the certitude of being on the right way (R.Gordon). We should also mention that although spirituality is reevaluated, religion as an institution is not. Religion is seen as equivalent to dogma, to conformism, to certitude and narcissist pleasures. The dogmatic stance stems from the goal to maintain an identity when a person feels is in danger of disintegration. Fanaticism and fundamentalism are based on this fear, on the anger, on the feeling of being threatened permanently (Armstrong). Britton's lecture provides a profound psychoanalysis of fundamentalism as a worship of the word, where the word becomes a concrete object, an idol and at the same time the concrete object becomes a sign. This process is similar to certain psychoses. Ten Lectures on Psychotherapy and Spirituality helps us understand why the psychoanalysis played and continues to play a significant role in the evolution of human spirit. © 2007 Lucia Teszler